Testing Methodology?
Means what kind of approach is following while testing (e.g.) functional testing, Regression testing, Retesting, Confirmation testing.

Exploratory Testing:
With out the knowledge of requirements, testing is done by giving random inputs.

Ad-Hoc testing:
Testing without a formal test plan or outside of a test plan.

Test plan:
Test plan specifies process and scheduling of an application. Test lead
Prepares test plan document based on what to test, how to test, when to test, whom to test. It covers the entire testing activity.

SRS: 
Software requirement specification (SRS). It describes what the software will do and how it will be expected to perform.

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM):
It is the mapping between customer requirements and prepared test cases. This is used to find whether all the requirements are covered or not.

Software testing lifecycle:

1. Requirements gathering: Collecting the project related information.
2. Analyzing: Discussing the collected information whether the requirements can meet.
3. Test plan preparation: It specifies the entire testing activity
4. Test case preparation: It is a document which contains input and corresponding results.
5. Test case execution: Execution of test case results to find bugs
6. Bug Tracking: Monitoring of the bug till closed.
7. Regression testing: Testing the application to find whether the change in code affect anywhere in the application.